BaseQAWithSourcesChain

class langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.base.BaseQAWithSourcesChain

Bases: Chain, ABC

Deprecated since version 0.2.13: This class is deprecated. Refer to this guide on retrieval and question answering with sources: https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_sources/ It will be removed in None==1.0.

Question answering chain with sources over documents.

Note

BaseQAWithSourcesChain implements the standard Runnable Interface. 🏃

The Runnable Interface has additional methods that are available on runnables, such as with_types, with_retry, assign, bind, get_graph, and more.

param callback_manager: BaseCallbackManager | None = None

[DEPRECATED] Use callbacks instead.

param callbacks: Callbacks = None

Optional list of callback handlers (or callback manager). Defaults to None. Callback handlers are called throughout the lifecycle of a call to a chain, starting with on_chain_start, ending with on_chain_end or on_chain_error. Each custom chain can optionally call additional callback methods, see Callback docs for full details.

param combine_documents_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain [Required]

Chain to use to combine documents.

param memory: BaseMemory | None = None

Optional memory object. Defaults to None. Memory is a class that gets called at the start and at the end of every chain. At the start, memory loads variables and passes them along in the chain. At the end, it saves any returned variables. There are many different types of memory - please see memory docs for the full catalog.

param metadata: Dict[str, Any] | None = None

Optional metadata associated with the chain. Defaults to None. This metadata will be associated with each call to this chain, and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in callbacks. You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a chain with its use case.

param return_source_documents: bool = False

Return the source documents.

param tags: List[str] | None = None

Optional list of tags associated with the chain. Defaults to None. These tags will be associated with each call to this chain, and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in callbacks. You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a chain with its use case.

param verbose: bool [Optional]

Whether or not run in verbose mode. In verbose mode, some intermediate logs will be printed to the console. Defaults to the global verbose value, accessible via langchain.globals.get_verbose().

__call__(inputs: Dict[str, Any] | Any, return_only_outputs: bool = False, callbacks: list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None = None, *, tags: List[str] | None = None, metadata: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, run_name: str | None = None, include_run_info: bool = False) → Dict[str, Any]

Deprecated since version langchain==0.1.0: Use invoke() instead. It will not be removed until langchain==1.0.

Execute the chain.

Parameters:

• inputs (Dict[str, Any] | Any) – Dictionary of inputs, or single input if chain expects only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in Chain.input_keys except for inputs that will be set by the chain’s memory.

• return_only_outputs (bool) – Whether to return only outputs in the response. If True, only new keys generated by this chain will be returned. If False, both input keys and new keys generated by this chain will be returned. Defaults to False.

• callbacks (list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None) – Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.

• tags (List[str] | None) – List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.

• metadata (Dict[str, Any] | None) – Optional metadata associated with the chain. Defaults to None

• include_run_info (bool) – Whether to include run info in the response. Defaults to False.

• run_name (str | None)

Returns:

A dict of named outputs. Should contain all outputs specified in

Chain.output_keys.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

async abatch(inputs: list[Input], config: RunnableConfig | list[RunnableConfig] | None = None, *, return_exceptions: bool = False, **kwargs: Any | None) → list[Output]

Default implementation runs ainvoke in parallel using asyncio.gather.

The default implementation of batch works well for IO bound runnables.

Subclasses should override this method if they can batch more efficiently; e.g., if the underlying Runnable uses an API which supports a batch mode.

Parameters:

• inputs (list[Input]) – A list of inputs to the Runnable.

• config (RunnableConfig | list[RunnableConfig] | None) – A config to use when invoking the Runnable. The config supports standard keys like ‘tags’, ‘metadata’ for tracing purposes, ‘max_concurrency’ for controlling how much work to do in parallel, and other keys. Please refer to the RunnableConfig for more details. Defaults to None.

• return_exceptions (bool) – Whether to return exceptions instead of raising them. Defaults to False.

• kwargs (Any | None) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.

Returns:

A list of outputs from the Runnable.

Return type:

list[Output]

async abatch_as_completed(inputs: Sequence[Input], config: RunnableConfig | Sequence[RunnableConfig] | None = None, *, return_exceptions: bool = False, **kwargs: Any | None) → AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Output | Exception]]

Run ainvoke in parallel on a list of inputs, yielding results as they complete.

Parameters:

• inputs (Sequence[Input]) – A list of inputs to the Runnable.

• config (RunnableConfig | Sequence[RunnableConfig] | None) – A config to use when invoking the Runnable. The config supports standard keys like ‘tags’, ‘metadata’ for tracing purposes, ‘max_concurrency’ for controlling how much work to do in parallel, and other keys. Please refer to the RunnableConfig for more details. Defaults to None. Defaults to None.

• return_exceptions (bool) – Whether to return exceptions instead of raising them. Defaults to False.

• kwargs (Any | None) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.

Yields:

A tuple of the index of the input and the output from the Runnable.

Return type:

AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Output | Exception]]

async acall(inputs: Dict[str, Any] | Any, return_only_outputs: bool = False, callbacks: list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None = None, *, tags: List[str] | None = None, metadata: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, run_name: str | None = None, include_run_info: bool = False) → Dict[str, Any]

Deprecated since version langchain==0.1.0: Use ainvoke() instead. It will not be removed until langchain==1.0.

Asynchronously execute the chain.

Parameters:

• inputs (Dict[str, Any] | Any) – Dictionary of inputs, or single input if chain expects only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in Chain.input_keys except for inputs that will be set by the chain’s memory.

• return_only_outputs (bool) – Whether to return only outputs in the response. If True, only new keys generated by this chain will be returned. If False, both input keys and new keys generated by this chain will be returned. Defaults to False.

• callbacks (list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None) – Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.

• tags (List[str] | None) – List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.

• metadata (Dict[str, Any] | None) – Optional metadata associated with the chain. Defaults to None

• include_run_info (bool) – Whether to include run info in the response. Defaults to False.

• run_name (str | None)

Returns:

A dict of named outputs. Should contain all outputs specified in

Chain.output_keys.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

async ainvoke(input: Dict[str, Any], config: RunnableConfig | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → Dict[str, Any]

Default implementation of ainvoke, calls invoke from a thread.

The default implementation allows usage of async code even if the Runnable did not implement a native async version of invoke.

Subclasses should override this method if they can run asynchronously.

Parameters:

• input (Dict[str, Any])

• config (RunnableConfig | None)

• kwargs (Any)

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

apply(input_list: List[Dict[str, Any]], callbacks: list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None = None) → List[Dict[str, str]]

Deprecated since version langchain==0.1.0: Use batch() instead. It will not be removed until langchain==1.0.

Call the chain on all inputs in the list.

Parameters:

• input_list (List[Dict[str, Any]])

• callbacks (list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None)

Return type:

List[Dict[str, str]]

async aprep_inputs(inputs: Dict[str, Any] | Any) → Dict[str, str]

Prepare chain inputs, including adding inputs from memory.

Parameters:

inputs (Dict[str, Any] | Any) – Dictionary of raw inputs, or single input if chain expects only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in Chain.input_keys except for inputs that will be set by the chain’s memory.

Returns:

A dictionary of all inputs, including those added by the chain’s memory.

Return type:

Dict[str, str]

async aprep_outputs(inputs: Dict[str, str], outputs: Dict[str, str], return_only_outputs: bool = False) → Dict[str, str]

Validate and prepare chain outputs, and save info about this run to memory.

Parameters:

• inputs (Dict[str, str]) – Dictionary of chain inputs, including any inputs added by chain memory.

• outputs (Dict[str, str]) – Dictionary of initial chain outputs.

• return_only_outputs (bool) – Whether to only return the chain outputs. If False, inputs are also added to the final outputs.

Returns:

A dict of the final chain outputs.

Return type:

Dict[str, str]

async arun(*args: Any, callbacks: list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None = None, tags: List[str] | None = None, metadata: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → Any

Deprecated since version langchain==0.1.0: Use ainvoke() instead. It will not be removed until langchain==1.0.

Convenience method for executing chain.

The main difference between this method and Chain.__call__ is that this method expects inputs to be passed directly in as positional arguments or keyword arguments, whereas Chain.__call__ expects a single input dictionary with all the inputs

Parameters:

• *args (Any) – If the chain expects a single input, it can be passed in as the sole positional argument.

• callbacks (list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None) – Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.

• tags (List[str] | None) – List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.

• **kwargs (Any) – If the chain expects multiple inputs, they can be passed in directly as keyword arguments.

• metadata (Dict[str, Any] | None)

• **kwargs

Returns:

The chain output.

Return type:

Any

Example

# Suppose we have a single-input chain that takes a 'question' string:
await chain.arun("What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?")
# -> "The temperature in Boise is..."

# Suppose we have a multi-input chain that takes a 'question' string
# and 'context' string:
question = "What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?"
context = "Weather report for Boise, Idaho on 07/03/23..."
await chain.arun(question=question, context=context)
# -> "The temperature in Boise is..."

async astream(input: Input, config: RunnableConfig | None = None, **kwargs: Any | None) → AsyncIterator[Output]

Default implementation of astream, which calls ainvoke. Subclasses should override this method if they support streaming output.

Parameters:

• input (Input) – The input to the Runnable.

• config (RunnableConfig | None) – The config to use for the Runnable. Defaults to None.

• kwargs (Any | None) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.

Yields:

The output of the Runnable.

Return type:

AsyncIterator[Output]

async astream_events(input: Any, config: RunnableConfig | None = None, *, version: Literal['v1', 'v2'], include_names: Sequence[str] | None = None, include_types: Sequence[str] | None = None, include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None, exclude_names: Sequence[str] | None = None, exclude_types: Sequence[str] | None = None, exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → AsyncIterator[StandardStreamEvent | CustomStreamEvent]

Generate a stream of events.

Use to create an iterator over StreamEvents that provide real-time information about the progress of the Runnable, including StreamEvents from intermediate results.

A StreamEvent is a dictionary with the following schema:

• event: str - Event names are of the

  format: on_[runnable_type]_(start|stream|end).

• name: str - The name of the Runnable that generated the event.

• run_id: str - randomly generated ID associated with the given execution of

  the Runnable that emitted the event. A child Runnable that gets invoked as part of the execution of a parent Runnable is assigned its own unique ID.

• parent_ids: List[str] - The IDs of the parent runnables that

  generated the event. The root Runnable will have an empty list. The order of the parent IDs is from the root to the immediate parent. Only available for v2 version of the API. The v1 version of the API will return an empty list.

• tags: Optional[List[str]] - The tags of the Runnable that generated

  the event.

• metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] - The metadata of the Runnable

  that generated the event.

• data: Dict[str, Any]

Below is a table that illustrates some events that might be emitted by various chains. Metadata fields have been omitted from the table for brevity. Chain definitions have been included after the table.

ATTENTION This reference table is for the V2 version of the schema.

event	name	chunk	input	output
on_chat_model_start	[model name]		{“messages”: [[SystemMessage, HumanMessage]]}
on_chat_model_stream	[model name]	AIMessageChunk(content=”hello”)
on_chat_model_end	[model name]		{“messages”: [[SystemMessage, HumanMessage]]}	AIMessageChunk(content=”hello world”)
on_llm_start	[model name]		{‘input’: ‘hello’}
on_llm_stream	[model name]	‘Hello’
on_llm_end	[model name]		‘Hello human!’
on_chain_start	format_docs
on_chain_stream	format_docs	“hello world!, goodbye world!”
on_chain_end	format_docs		[Document(…)]	“hello world!, goodbye world!”
on_tool_start	some_tool		{“x”: 1, “y”: “2”}
on_tool_end	some_tool			{“x”: 1, “y”: “2”}
on_retriever_start	[retriever name]		{“query”: “hello”}
on_retriever_end	[retriever name]		{“query”: “hello”}	[Document(…), ..]
on_prompt_start	[template_name]		{“question”: “hello”}
on_prompt_end	[template_name]		{“question”: “hello”}	ChatPromptValue(messages: [SystemMessage, …])

In addition to the standard events, users can also dispatch custom events (see example below).

Custom events will be only be surfaced with in the v2 version of the API!

A custom event has following format:

Attribute	Type	Description
name	str	A user defined name for the event.
data	Any	The data associated with the event. This can be anything, though we suggest making it JSON serializable.

Here are declarations associated with the standard events shown above:

format_docs:

def format_docs(docs: List[Document]) -> str:
    '''Format the docs.'''
    return ", ".join([doc.page_content for doc in docs])

format_docs = RunnableLambda(format_docs)

some_tool:

@tool
def some_tool(x: int, y: str) -> dict:
    '''Some_tool.'''
    return {"x": x, "y": y}

prompt:

template = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
    [("system", "You are Cat Agent 007"), ("human", "{question}")]
).with_config({"run_name": "my_template", "tags": ["my_template"]})

Example:

from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda

async def reverse(s: str) -> str:
    return s[::-1]

chain = RunnableLambda(func=reverse)

events = [
    event async for event in chain.astream_events("hello", version="v2")
]

# will produce the following events (run_id, and parent_ids
# has been omitted for brevity):
[
    {
        "data": {"input": "hello"},
        "event": "on_chain_start",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "reverse",
        "tags": [],
    },
    {
        "data": {"chunk": "olleh"},
        "event": "on_chain_stream",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "reverse",
        "tags": [],
    },
    {
        "data": {"output": "olleh"},
        "event": "on_chain_end",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "reverse",
        "tags": [],
    },
]

Example: Dispatch Custom Event

from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
    adispatch_custom_event,
)
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, RunnableConfig
import asyncio


async def slow_thing(some_input: str, config: RunnableConfig) -> str:
    """Do something that takes a long time."""
    await asyncio.sleep(1) # Placeholder for some slow operation
    await adispatch_custom_event(
        "progress_event",
        {"message": "Finished step 1 of 3"},
        config=config # Must be included for python < 3.10
    )
    await asyncio.sleep(1) # Placeholder for some slow operation
    await adispatch_custom_event(
        "progress_event",
        {"message": "Finished step 2 of 3"},
        config=config # Must be included for python < 3.10
    )
    await asyncio.sleep(1) # Placeholder for some slow operation
    return "Done"

slow_thing = RunnableLambda(slow_thing)

async for event in slow_thing.astream_events("some_input", version="v2"):
    print(event)

Parameters:

• input (Any) – The input to the Runnable.

• config (RunnableConfig | None) – The config to use for the Runnable.

• version (Literal['v1', 'v2']) – The version of the schema to use either v2 or v1. Users should use v2. v1 is for backwards compatibility and will be deprecated in 0.4.0. No default will be assigned until the API is stabilized. custom events will only be surfaced in v2.

• include_names (Sequence[str] | None) – Only include events from runnables with matching names.

• include_types (Sequence[str] | None) – Only include events from runnables with matching types.

• include_tags (Sequence[str] | None) – Only include events from runnables with matching tags.

• exclude_names (Sequence[str] | None) – Exclude events from runnables with matching names.

• exclude_types (Sequence[str] | None) – Exclude events from runnables with matching types.

• exclude_tags (Sequence[str] | None) – Exclude events from runnables with matching tags.

• kwargs (Any) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable. These will be passed to astream_log as this implementation of astream_events is built on top of astream_log.

Yields:

An async stream of StreamEvents.

Raises:

NotImplementedError – If the version is not v1 or v2.

Return type:

AsyncIterator[StandardStreamEvent | CustomStreamEvent]

batch(inputs: list[Input], config: RunnableConfig | list[RunnableConfig] | None = None, *, return_exceptions: bool = False, **kwargs: Any | None) → list[Output]

Default implementation runs invoke in parallel using a thread pool executor.

The default implementation of batch works well for IO bound runnables.

Subclasses should override this method if they can batch more efficiently; e.g., if the underlying Runnable uses an API which supports a batch mode.

Parameters:

• inputs (list[Input])

• config (RunnableConfig | list[RunnableConfig] | None)

• return_exceptions (bool)

• kwargs (Any | None)

Return type:

list[Output]

batch_as_completed(inputs: Sequence[Input], config: RunnableConfig | Sequence[RunnableConfig] | None = None, *, return_exceptions: bool = False, **kwargs: Any | None) → Iterator[tuple[int, Output | Exception]]

Run invoke in parallel on a list of inputs, yielding results as they complete.

Parameters:

• inputs (Sequence[Input])

• config (RunnableConfig | Sequence[RunnableConfig] | None)

• return_exceptions (bool)

• kwargs (Any | None)

Return type:

Iterator[tuple[int, Output | Exception]]

bind(**kwargs: Any) → Runnable[Input, Output]

Bind arguments to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.

Useful when a Runnable in a chain requires an argument that is not in the output of the previous Runnable or included in the user input.

Parameters:

kwargs (Any) – The arguments to bind to the Runnable.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the arguments bound.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]

Example:

from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOllama
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser

llm = ChatOllama(model='llama2')

# Without bind.
chain = (
    llm
    | StrOutputParser()
)

chain.invoke("Repeat quoted words exactly: 'One two three four five.'")
# Output is 'One two three four five.'

# With bind.
chain = (
    llm.bind(stop=["three"])
    | StrOutputParser()
)

chain.invoke("Repeat quoted words exactly: 'One two three four five.'")
# Output is 'One two'

configurable_alternatives(which: ConfigurableField, *, default_key: str = 'default', prefix_keys: bool = False, **kwargs: Runnable[Input, Output] | Callable[[], Runnable[Input, Output]]) → RunnableSerializable

Configure alternatives for Runnables that can be set at runtime.

Parameters:

• which (ConfigurableField) – The ConfigurableField instance that will be used to select the alternative.

• default_key (str) – The default key to use if no alternative is selected. Defaults to “default”.

• prefix_keys (bool) – Whether to prefix the keys with the ConfigurableField id. Defaults to False.

• **kwargs (Runnable[Input, Output] | Callable[[], Runnable[Input, Output]]) – A dictionary of keys to Runnable instances or callables that return Runnable instances.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the alternatives configured.

Return type:

RunnableSerializable

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_core.runnables.utils import ConfigurableField
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

model = ChatAnthropic(
    model_name="claude-3-sonnet-20240229"
).configurable_alternatives(
    ConfigurableField(id="llm"),
    default_key="anthropic",
    openai=ChatOpenAI()
)

# uses the default model ChatAnthropic
print(model.invoke("which organization created you?").content)

# uses ChatOpenAI
print(
    model.with_config(
        configurable={"llm": "openai"}
    ).invoke("which organization created you?").content
)

configurable_fields(**kwargs: ConfigurableField | ConfigurableFieldSingleOption | ConfigurableFieldMultiOption) → RunnableSerializable

Configure particular Runnable fields at runtime.

Parameters:

**kwargs (ConfigurableField | ConfigurableFieldSingleOption | ConfigurableFieldMultiOption) – A dictionary of ConfigurableField instances to configure.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the fields configured.

Return type:

RunnableSerializable

from langchain_core.runnables import ConfigurableField
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

model = ChatOpenAI(max_tokens=20).configurable_fields(
    max_tokens=ConfigurableField(
        id="output_token_number",
        name="Max tokens in the output",
        description="The maximum number of tokens in the output",
    )
)

# max_tokens = 20
print(
    "max_tokens_20: ",
    model.invoke("tell me something about chess").content
)

# max_tokens = 200
print("max_tokens_200: ", model.with_config(
    configurable={"output_token_number": 200}
    ).invoke("tell me something about chess").content
)

classmethod from_chain_type(llm: BaseLanguageModel, chain_type: str = 'stuff', chain_type_kwargs: dict | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → BaseQAWithSourcesChain

Load chain from chain type.

Parameters:

• llm (BaseLanguageModel)

• chain_type (str)

• chain_type_kwargs (dict | None)

• kwargs (Any)

Return type:

BaseQAWithSourcesChain

classmethod from_llm(llm: BaseLanguageModel, document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = PromptTemplate(input_variables=['page_content', 'source'], input_types={}, partial_variables={}, template='Content: {page_content}\nSource: {source}'), question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = PromptTemplate(input_variables=['context', 'question'], input_types={}, partial_variables={}, template='Use the following portion of a long document to see if any of the text is relevant to answer the question. \nReturn any relevant text verbatim.\n{context}\nQuestion: {question}\nRelevant text, if any:'), combine_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = PromptTemplate(input_variables=['question', 'summaries'], input_types={}, partial_variables={}, template='Given the following extracted parts of a long document and a question, create a final answer with references ("SOURCES"). \nIf you don\'t know the answer, just say that you don\'t know. Don\'t try to make up an answer.\nALWAYS return a "SOURCES" part in your answer.\n\nQUESTION: Which state/country\'s law governs the interpretation of the contract?\n=========\nContent: This Agreement is governed by English law and the parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts in  relation to any dispute (contractual or non-contractual) concerning this Agreement save that either party may apply to any court for an  injunction or other relief to protect its Intellectual Property Rights.\nSource: 28-pl\nContent: No Waiver. Failure or delay in exercising any right or remedy under this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of such (or any other)  right or remedy.\n\n11.7 Severability. The invalidity, illegality or unenforceability of any term (or part of a term) of this Agreement shall not affect the continuation  in force of the remainder of the term (if any) and this Agreement.\n\n11.8 No Agency. Except as expressly stated otherwise, nothing in this Agreement shall create an agency, partnership or joint venture of any  kind between the parties.\n\n11.9 No Third-Party Beneficiaries.\nSource: 30-pl\nContent: (b) if Google believes, in good faith, that the Distributor has violated or caused Google to violate any Anti-Bribery Laws (as  defined in Clause 8.5) or that such a violation is reasonably likely to occur,\nSource: 4-pl\n=========\nFINAL ANSWER: This Agreement is governed by English law.\nSOURCES: 28-pl\n\nQUESTION: What did the president say about Michael Jackson?\n=========\nContent: Madam Speaker, Madam Vice President, our First Lady and Second Gentleman. Members of Congress and the Cabinet. Justices of the Supreme Court. My fellow Americans.  \n\nLast year COVID-19 kept us apart. This year we are finally together again. \n\nTonight, we meet as Democrats Republicans and Independents. But most importantly as Americans. \n\nWith a duty to one another to the American people to the Constitution. \n\nAnd with an unwavering resolve that freedom will always triumph over tyranny. \n\nSix days ago, Russia’s Vladimir Putin sought to shake the foundations of the free world thinking he could make it bend to his menacing ways. But he badly miscalculated. \n\nHe thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead he met a wall of strength he never imagined. \n\nHe met the Ukrainian people. \n\nFrom President Zelenskyy to every Ukrainian, their fearlessness, their courage, their determination, inspires the world. \n\nGroups of citizens blocking tanks with their bodies. Everyone from students to retirees teachers turned soldiers defending their homeland.\nSource: 0-pl\nContent: And we won’t stop. \n\nWe have lost so much to COVID-19. Time with one another. And worst of all, so much loss of life. \n\nLet’s use this moment to reset. Let’s stop looking at COVID-19 as a partisan dividing line and see it for what it is: A God-awful disease.  \n\nLet’s stop seeing each other as enemies, and start seeing each other for who we really are: Fellow Americans.  \n\nWe can’t change how divided we’ve been. But we can change how we move forward—on COVID-19 and other issues we must face together. \n\nI recently visited the New York City Police Department days after the funerals of Officer Wilbert Mora and his partner, Officer Jason Rivera. \n\nThey were responding to a 9-1-1 call when a man shot and killed them with a stolen gun. \n\nOfficer Mora was 27 years old. \n\nOfficer Rivera was 22. \n\nBoth Dominican Americans who’d grown up on the same streets they later chose to patrol as police officers. \n\nI spoke with their families and told them that we are forever in debt for their sacrifice, and we will carry on their mission to restore the trust and safety every community deserves.\nSource: 24-pl\nContent: And a proud Ukrainian people, who have known 30 years  of independence, have repeatedly shown that they will not tolerate anyone who tries to take their country backwards.  \n\nTo all Americans, I will be honest with you, as I’ve always promised. A Russian dictator, invading a foreign country, has costs around the world. \n\nAnd I’m taking robust action to make sure the pain of our sanctions  is targeted at Russia’s economy. And I will use every tool at our disposal to protect American businesses and consumers. \n\nTonight, I can announce that the United States has worked with 30 other countries to release 60 Million barrels of oil from reserves around the world.  \n\nAmerica will lead that effort, releasing 30 Million barrels from our own Strategic Petroleum Reserve. And we stand ready to do more if necessary, unified with our allies.  \n\nThese steps will help blunt gas prices here at home. And I know the news about what’s happening can seem alarming. \n\nBut I want you to know that we are going to be okay.\nSource: 5-pl\nContent: More support for patients and families. \n\nTo get there, I call on Congress to fund ARPA-H, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health. \n\nIt’s based on DARPA—the Defense Department project that led to the Internet, GPS, and so much more.  \n\nARPA-H will have a singular purpose—to drive breakthroughs in cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and more. \n\nA unity agenda for the nation. \n\nWe can do this. \n\nMy fellow Americans—tonight , we have gathered in a sacred space—the citadel of our democracy. \n\nIn this Capitol, generation after generation, Americans have debated great questions amid great strife, and have done great things. \n\nWe have fought for freedom, expanded liberty, defeated totalitarianism and terror. \n\nAnd built the strongest, freest, and most prosperous nation the world has ever known. \n\nNow is the hour. \n\nOur moment of responsibility. \n\nOur test of resolve and conscience, of history itself. \n\nIt is in this moment that our character is formed. Our purpose is found. Our future is forged. \n\nWell I know this nation.\nSource: 34-pl\n=========\nFINAL ANSWER: The president did not mention Michael Jackson.\nSOURCES:\n\nQUESTION: {question}\n=========\n{summaries}\n=========\nFINAL ANSWER:'), **kwargs: Any) → BaseQAWithSourcesChain

Construct the chain from an LLM.

Parameters:

• llm (BaseLanguageModel)

• document_prompt (BasePromptTemplate)

• question_prompt (BasePromptTemplate)

• combine_prompt (BasePromptTemplate)

• kwargs (Any)

Return type:

BaseQAWithSourcesChain

invoke(input: Dict[str, Any], config: RunnableConfig | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → Dict[str, Any]

Transform a single input into an output. Override to implement.

Parameters:

• input (Dict[str, Any]) – The input to the Runnable.

• config (RunnableConfig | None) – A config to use when invoking the Runnable. The config supports standard keys like ‘tags’, ‘metadata’ for tracing purposes, ‘max_concurrency’ for controlling how much work to do in parallel, and other keys. Please refer to the RunnableConfig for more details.

• kwargs (Any)

Returns:

The output of the Runnable.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

prep_inputs(inputs: Dict[str, Any] | Any) → Dict[str, str]

Prepare chain inputs, including adding inputs from memory.

Parameters:

inputs (Dict[str, Any] | Any) – Dictionary of raw inputs, or single input if chain expects only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in Chain.input_keys except for inputs that will be set by the chain’s memory.

Returns:

A dictionary of all inputs, including those added by the chain’s memory.

Return type:

Dict[str, str]

prep_outputs(inputs: Dict[str, str], outputs: Dict[str, str], return_only_outputs: bool = False) → Dict[str, str]

Validate and prepare chain outputs, and save info about this run to memory.

Parameters:

• inputs (Dict[str, str]) – Dictionary of chain inputs, including any inputs added by chain memory.

• outputs (Dict[str, str]) – Dictionary of initial chain outputs.

• return_only_outputs (bool) – Whether to only return the chain outputs. If False, inputs are also added to the final outputs.

Returns:

A dict of the final chain outputs.

Return type:

Dict[str, str]

run(*args: Any, callbacks: list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None = None, tags: List[str] | None = None, metadata: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → Any

Deprecated since version langchain==0.1.0: Use invoke() instead. It will not be removed until langchain==1.0.

Convenience method for executing chain.

The main difference between this method and Chain.__call__ is that this method expects inputs to be passed directly in as positional arguments or keyword arguments, whereas Chain.__call__ expects a single input dictionary with all the inputs

Parameters:

• *args (Any) – If the chain expects a single input, it can be passed in as the sole positional argument.

• callbacks (list[BaseCallbackHandler] | BaseCallbackManager | None) – Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.

• tags (List[str] | None) – List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.

• **kwargs (Any) – If the chain expects multiple inputs, they can be passed in directly as keyword arguments.

• metadata (Dict[str, Any] | None)

• **kwargs

Returns:

The chain output.

Return type:

Any

Example

# Suppose we have a single-input chain that takes a 'question' string:
chain.run("What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?")
# -> "The temperature in Boise is..."

# Suppose we have a multi-input chain that takes a 'question' string
# and 'context' string:
question = "What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?"
context = "Weather report for Boise, Idaho on 07/03/23..."
chain.run(question=question, context=context)
# -> "The temperature in Boise is..."

save(file_path: Path | str) → None

Save the chain.

Expects Chain._chain_type property to be implemented and for memory to be

null.

Parameters:

file_path (Path | str) – Path to file to save the chain to.

Return type:

None

Example

chain.save(file_path="path/chain.yaml")

stream(input: Input, config: RunnableConfig | None = None, **kwargs: Any | None) → Iterator[Output]

Default implementation of stream, which calls invoke. Subclasses should override this method if they support streaming output.

Parameters:

• input (Input) – The input to the Runnable.

• config (RunnableConfig | None) – The config to use for the Runnable. Defaults to None.

• kwargs (Any | None) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.

Yields:

The output of the Runnable.

Return type:

Iterator[Output]

with_alisteners(*, on_start: AsyncListener | None = None, on_end: AsyncListener | None = None, on_error: AsyncListener | None = None) → Runnable[Input, Output]

Bind asynchronous lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.

on_start: Asynchronously called before the Runnable starts running. on_end: Asynchronously called after the Runnable finishes running. on_error: Asynchronously called if the Runnable throws an error.

The Run object contains information about the run, including its id, type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata added to the run.

Parameters:

• on_start (Optional[AsyncListener]) – Asynchronously called before the Runnable starts running. Defaults to None.

• on_end (Optional[AsyncListener]) – Asynchronously called after the Runnable finishes running. Defaults to None.

• on_error (Optional[AsyncListener]) – Asynchronously called if the Runnable throws an error. Defaults to None.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the listeners bound.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]

Example:

from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
import time

async def test_runnable(time_to_sleep : int):
    print(f"Runnable[{time_to_sleep}s]: starts at {format_t(time.time())}")
    await asyncio.sleep(time_to_sleep)
    print(f"Runnable[{time_to_sleep}s]: ends at {format_t(time.time())}")

async def fn_start(run_obj : Runnable):
    print(f"on start callback starts at {format_t(time.time())}
    await asyncio.sleep(3)
    print(f"on start callback ends at {format_t(time.time())}")

async def fn_end(run_obj : Runnable):
    print(f"on end callback starts at {format_t(time.time())}
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print(f"on end callback ends at {format_t(time.time())}")

runnable = RunnableLambda(test_runnable).with_alisteners(
    on_start=fn_start,
    on_end=fn_end
)
async def concurrent_runs():
    await asyncio.gather(runnable.ainvoke(2), runnable.ainvoke(3))

asyncio.run(concurrent_runs())
Result:
on start callback starts at 2024-05-16T14:20:29.637053+00:00
on start callback starts at 2024-05-16T14:20:29.637150+00:00
on start callback ends at 2024-05-16T14:20:32.638305+00:00
on start callback ends at 2024-05-16T14:20:32.638383+00:00
Runnable[3s]: starts at 2024-05-16T14:20:32.638849+00:00
Runnable[5s]: starts at 2024-05-16T14:20:32.638999+00:00
Runnable[3s]: ends at 2024-05-16T14:20:35.640016+00:00
on end callback starts at 2024-05-16T14:20:35.640534+00:00
Runnable[5s]: ends at 2024-05-16T14:20:37.640169+00:00
on end callback starts at 2024-05-16T14:20:37.640574+00:00
on end callback ends at 2024-05-16T14:20:37.640654+00:00
on end callback ends at 2024-05-16T14:20:39.641751+00:00

with_config(config: RunnableConfig | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → Runnable[Input, Output]

Bind config to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.

Parameters:

• config (RunnableConfig | None) – The config to bind to the Runnable.

• kwargs (Any) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the config bound.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]

with_fallbacks(fallbacks: Sequence[Runnable[Input, Output]], *, exceptions_to_handle: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (<class 'Exception'>,), exception_key: Optional[str] = None) → RunnableWithFallbacksT[Input, Output]

Add fallbacks to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.

The new Runnable will try the original Runnable, and then each fallback in order, upon failures.

Parameters:

• fallbacks (Sequence[Runnable[Input, Output]]) – A sequence of runnables to try if the original Runnable fails.

• exceptions_to_handle (tuple[type[BaseException], ...]) – A tuple of exception types to handle. Defaults to (Exception,).

• exception_key (Optional[str]) – If string is specified then handled exceptions will be passed to fallbacks as part of the input under the specified key. If None, exceptions will not be passed to fallbacks. If used, the base Runnable and its fallbacks must accept a dictionary as input. Defaults to None.

Returns:

A new Runnable that will try the original Runnable, and then each fallback in order, upon failures.

Return type:

RunnableWithFallbacksT[Input, Output]

Example

from typing import Iterator

from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableGenerator


def _generate_immediate_error(input: Iterator) -> Iterator[str]:
    raise ValueError()
    yield ""


def _generate(input: Iterator) -> Iterator[str]:
    yield from "foo bar"


runnable = RunnableGenerator(_generate_immediate_error).with_fallbacks(
    [RunnableGenerator(_generate)]
    )
print(''.join(runnable.stream({}))) #foo bar

Parameters:

• fallbacks (Sequence[Runnable[Input, Output]]) – A sequence of runnables to try if the original Runnable fails.

• exceptions_to_handle (tuple[type[BaseException], ...]) – A tuple of exception types to handle.

• exception_key (Optional[str]) – If string is specified then handled exceptions will be passed to fallbacks as part of the input under the specified key. If None, exceptions will not be passed to fallbacks. If used, the base Runnable and its fallbacks must accept a dictionary as input.

Returns:

A new Runnable that will try the original Runnable, and then each fallback in order, upon failures.

Return type:

RunnableWithFallbacksT[Input, Output]

with_listeners(*, on_start: Callable[[Run], None] | Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None] | None = None, on_end: Callable[[Run], None] | Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None] | None = None, on_error: Callable[[Run], None] | Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None] | None = None) → Runnable[Input, Output]

Bind lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.

on_start: Called before the Runnable starts running, with the Run object. on_end: Called after the Runnable finishes running, with the Run object. on_error: Called if the Runnable throws an error, with the Run object.

The Run object contains information about the run, including its id, type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata added to the run.

Parameters:

• on_start (Optional[Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]]) – Called before the Runnable starts running. Defaults to None.

• on_end (Optional[Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]]) – Called after the Runnable finishes running. Defaults to None.

• on_error (Optional[Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]]) – Called if the Runnable throws an error. Defaults to None.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the listeners bound.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]

Example:

from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run

import time

def test_runnable(time_to_sleep : int):
    time.sleep(time_to_sleep)

def fn_start(run_obj: Run):
    print("start_time:", run_obj.start_time)

def fn_end(run_obj: Run):
    print("end_time:", run_obj.end_time)

chain = RunnableLambda(test_runnable).with_listeners(
    on_start=fn_start,
    on_end=fn_end
)
chain.invoke(2)

with_retry(*, retry_if_exception_type: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (<class 'Exception'>,), wait_exponential_jitter: bool = True, stop_after_attempt: int = 3) → Runnable[Input, Output]

Create a new Runnable that retries the original Runnable on exceptions.

Parameters:

• retry_if_exception_type (tuple[type[BaseException], ...]) – A tuple of exception types to retry on. Defaults to (Exception,).

• wait_exponential_jitter (bool) – Whether to add jitter to the wait time between retries. Defaults to True.

• stop_after_attempt (int) – The maximum number of attempts to make before giving up. Defaults to 3.

Returns:

A new Runnable that retries the original Runnable on exceptions.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]

Example:

from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda

count = 0


def _lambda(x: int) -> None:
    global count
    count = count + 1
    if x == 1:
        raise ValueError("x is 1")
    else:
         pass


runnable = RunnableLambda(_lambda)
try:
    runnable.with_retry(
        stop_after_attempt=2,
        retry_if_exception_type=(ValueError,),
    ).invoke(1)
except ValueError:
    pass

assert (count == 2)

Parameters:

• retry_if_exception_type (tuple[type[BaseException], ...]) – A tuple of exception types to retry on

• wait_exponential_jitter (bool) – Whether to add jitter to the wait time between retries

• stop_after_attempt (int) – The maximum number of attempts to make before giving up

Returns:

A new Runnable that retries the original Runnable on exceptions.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]

with_types(*, input_type: type[Input] | None = None, output_type: type[Output] | None = None) → Runnable[Input, Output]

Bind input and output types to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.

Parameters:

• input_type (type[Input] | None) – The input type to bind to the Runnable. Defaults to None.

• output_type (type[Output] | None) – The output type to bind to the Runnable. Defaults to None.

Returns:

A new Runnable with the types bound.

Return type:

Runnable[Input, Output]